Bis (2-butoxyethyl) Phthalate Delays Puberty Onset by Increasing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Leydig Cells in Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study investigated the effects of bis (2-butoxyethyl) phthalate (BBOP) on the onset of male puberty by affecting Leydig cell development in rats.@*METHODS@#Thirty 35-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to five groups mg/kg bw per day that were gavaged for 21 days with BBOP at 0, 10, 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg bw per day. The hormone profiles; Leydig cell morphological metrics; mRNA and protein levels; oxidative stress; and AKT, mTOR, ERK1/2, and GSK3β pathways were assessed.@*RESULTS@#BBOP at 250 and/or 500 mg/kg bw per day decreased serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels mg/kg bw per day (P < 0.05). BBOP at 500 mg/kg bw per day decreased Leydig cell number mg/kg bw per day and downregulated Cyp11a1, Insl3, Hsd11b1, and Dhh in the testes, and Lhb and Fshb mRNAs in the pituitary gland (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde content in the testis significantly increased, while Sod1 and Sod2 mRNAs were markedly down-regulated, by BBOP treatment at 250-500 mg/kg bw per day (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BBOP at 500 mg/kg bw per day decreased AKT1/AKT2, mTOR, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and GSK3β and SIRT1 levels mg/kg bw per day (P < 0.05). Finally, BBOP at 100 or 500 μmol/L induced ROS and apoptosis in Leydig cells after 24 h of treatment in vitro (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#BBOP delays puberty onset by increasing oxidative stress and apoptosis in Leydig cells in rats.@*UNLABELLED@#The graphical abstract is available on the website www.besjournal.com.

Innate immune receptors mediated neuroinflammation in nervous system diseases / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the development of neurodegeneration diseases, mental disorders and brain injuries. Innate immunity receptors are the first defense line against infections and injuries, which play a critical role in the neuroinflammation and nervous system diseases.This review,focuses on the type classification,function,regulatory mechanism for the innate immunity receptors,and illustrates their roles and molecular mechanism in the development of neuroin-flammation and nervous system diseases.In addition,we will review the current drugs for treating related nervous system diseases, and the possibility of developing new drugs that target neuroinflammation and using anti-inflammatory drugs clinically.

Detection of circulating antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis by 12D5 and 21B7 monoclonal antibodies / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To detect the rate of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection and to study the effects of treatment so as to prepare monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) ,and gold immunochroma-tography assay (GICA) with 12D5 and 21B7 McAbs could be prepared in advance. Methods Two McAbs (12D5 and 21B7) were applied to detect the circulating antigen (CAg) in the sera of rats infected with A. cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis patients respectively by double antibody sandwich ELISA. Either 12D5 or 21B7 McAbs was used as antibody and protein A was conjugated with colloid gold as the detection marker. A special pad for GICA was designed according to the reaction procedure, and CAg were detected by GICA in the sera of rats infected with A. cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis patients respectively. Results 12D5 McAb was identified as IgG1 and 21B7 McAb was IgM. Results from Western blotting showed that two McAbs could be used to identified 55 KD protein of adult worms of A. cantonensis. The detection rates of CAg in the sera of infected rats was 100% (48/48) and the detection rates of CAg in the sera of angiostrongyliasis patients was 100% (32/32). No cross-reaction to sera of patients with other infection of parasites, such as clonochiasis, fasiolopsiasis, ancylostotniasis, ancylostomiasis, anisakiasis as well as schsitosomiasis wee seen and normal sera did not react with 12D5 and 21B7 McAbs. Conclusion Results from sandwich ELISA and GICA with 12D5 and 21B7 McAbs showed high specificity and acting as detecting CAg of A. cantonensis in sera of infected animals and patients. We noticed that GICA with 12D5 and 21B7 was not only rapid and simple that without requirement of special instrument, but also rather sensitive and specific for the detection of current infection with A.cantonensis.

Effects of chronic multiple stress on learning and memory and the expression of Fyn, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampus of rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The effect of chronic stress on cognitive functions has been one of the hot topics in neuroscience. But there has been much controversy over its mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic multiple stress on spatial learning and memory as well as the expression of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus of rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult rats were randomly divided into control and chronic multiple stressed groups. Rats in the multiple stressed group were irregularly and alternatively exposed to situations of vertical revolution, sleep expropriation and restraint lasting for 6 weeks, 6 hours per day with night illumination for 6 weeks. Before and after the period of chronic multiple stresses, the performance of spatial learning and memory of all rats was measured using the Morris Water Maze (MWM). The expression of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB proteins in the hippocampus was assayed by Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. The levels of Fyn and TrkB mRNAs in the hippocampus of rats were detected by RT-PCR technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The escape latency in the control group and the stressed group were 15.63 and 8.27 seconds respectively. The performance of spatial learning and memory of rats was increased in chronic multiple stressed group (P < 0.05). The levels of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB proteins in the stressed group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The results of immunoreactivity showed that Fyn was present in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and BDNF positive particles were distributed in the nuclei of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells as well as DG granular cells. Quantitative analysis indicated that level of Fyn mRNA was also upregulated in the hippocampus of the stressed group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Chronic multiple stress can enhance spatial learning and memory function of rats. The expression of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB proteins and the level of Fyn mRNA are increased in the stessed rat hippocampus. These suggest that Fyn and BDNF/TrkB signal transduction pathways may participate in the process of the enhanced learning and memory during chronic multiple stress.</p>

Expression of Matrix Metallproteinase-2 and Matrix Metallproteinase-9 on Aortic Valve in Children with Rheumatic Heart Disease / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To detect the expression of matrix metallproteinases(MMPs) in aortic valve of children who suffered from rheumatic heart disease(RHD) and to explore the pathological role of MMPs in children′s rheumatic aortic valve disease.Methods RHD group composed of 18 aortic valves from children suffered from RHD.Controls were 8 children who were died accidentally without cardiovascular system diseases.Hematoxylin and eosin stain observing the histological characteristic of the 2 groups.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of MMP2 and MMP9 on aortic valves in 2 groups.Results Hematoxylin and eosin stain showed:in RHD the valves′ structure were destroyed along with fibrous tissue proliferation,mucinous degeneration,collagen and fiber hyalinization,blood vessel and blood capillary proliferation,lymphocyte,plasmocyte,monocyte infiltration.Immunohistochemistry showed that MMP2 and MMP9 expression were significantly higher than those in the aortic of RHD(68.85?13.08,64.35?9.59) compared with control group(107.31?23.39,116.28?6.99)(t=3.92,10.18 all P